| Latest History NCERT Notes, Solutions and Extra Q & A (Class 8th to 12th) | |||||||||||||||||||
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Latest Class 8th History NCERT Notes, NCERT Question Solutions and Extra Q & A
1. Introduction: How, When And Where
This chapter introduces how historians study the past, focusing on the importance of **dates** and chronology in history. It discusses how certain events become significant and how historical periods are divided. The chapter also touches upon different **sources** that historians use to reconstruct the past, such as administrative records. It highlights the shift in focus from British history in India to understanding Indian perspectives during the colonial period, emphasizing the context of "How, When, and Where" in studying history.
2. From Trade To Territory The Company Establishes Power
This chapter traces the journey of the **East India Company** from a trading body to a ruling power in India. It discusses their initial motives of trade and how they gradually expanded their influence by acquiring territories through various strategies like the **Subsidiary Alliance** and the **Doctrine of Lapse**. Key battles like the Battle of Plassey and Buxar are highlighted as pivotal moments in the Company's rise. This process led to the establishment of British colonial rule, fundamentally changing the political landscape of India.
3. Ruling The Countryside
This chapter explores how the British administered the vast rural areas of India. It focuses on the **revenue policies** introduced by the East India Company, such as the Permanent Settlement, Mahalwari Settlement, and Ryotwari Settlement, aimed at maximizing land revenue. The impact of these policies on peasants, zamindars, and tribal communities is discussed. It also examines how the British exploited rural resources and disrupted traditional agricultural practices, highlighting the profound changes brought about by colonial rule in the Indian countryside.
4. Tribals, Dikus And The Vision Of A Golden Age
This chapter discusses the lives of **tribal communities** in India during the colonial period and their interactions with outsiders, referred to as **'Dikus'**. It describes the traditional ways of life of different tribal groups, including shifting cultivation, hunting-gathering, and settled agriculture. The impact of British policies (forest laws, land settlements) and the entry of 'Dikus' (traders, moneylenders, missionaries) on tribal life is explored, leading to widespread discontent and revolts. The chapter highlights movements like the **Birsa Munda** revolt, driven by a vision of a just and independent 'Golden Age' for tribals.
5. When People Revolt 1857 And After
This chapter focuses on the **Revolt of 1857**, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the First War of Independence. It explores the various causes (political, economic, social, religious, military) that led to this widespread rebellion against British rule. The chapter discusses the key events, prominent leaders of the revolt (like Rani Lakshmibai, Bahadur Shah Zafar), and its suppression. It highlights the significant changes in British policy and administration in India that followed the revolt, marking a turning point in the history of colonial rule.
6. Civilising The “Native”, Educating The Nation
This chapter examines the British approach to **education** and their efforts to 'civilise' the 'native' Indian population. It discusses the debates between Orientalists (supporting traditional Indian learning) and Anglicists (supporting Western education). Key policies like **Macaulay's Minute** (emphasizing English education) and Wood's Despatch (proposing a system of education) are analysed. The chapter explores how the British education system aimed to create a class of Indians loyal to British rule and discusses the responses of Indians, including nationalist calls for national education, highlighting the complex impact of colonial education on Indian society.
7. Women, Caste And Reform
This chapter explores the significant **social reforms** undertaken in India during the 19th and early 20th centuries, focusing on issues related to **women** and the **caste system**. It discusses the work of social reformers (like Raja Rammohun Roy, Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar, Jyotirao Phule, Periyar) against practices like Sati, child marriage, and caste discrimination. The chapter highlights the efforts to promote widow remarriage and education for girls. It showcases how social reform movements aimed to challenge oppressive traditions and bring about positive changes in Indian society, advocating for equality and dignity.
8. The Making Of The National Movement: 1870s-–1947
This pivotal chapter traces the rise and growth of the **Indian national movement** against British rule. It discusses the formation of the **Indian National Congress** and early nationalist activities. The chapter covers different phases of the freedom struggle, including the Moderate and Extremist periods, the Swadeshi movement, the entry of **Mahatma Gandhi** and his use of non-violent methods (Satyagraha), and major movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement. It highlights the contributions of various leaders and organizations leading to India's independence in 1947, including Partition.